Homeostatis
2nd Year Biology Notes
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Homeostatis
Definition
Home means same and statis means state. So the regulatory mechanism
which maintained the internal environment of a organism is called
homeostatis.
Important Aspects of Homeostatis
There are three important aspects of homeostatis.
- Osmoregulation
- Thermoregulation
- Excretion
Feed Back System
The check and balance system in a body is called feed back system. In a feed back system three organs are involved.
1. Receptor
The organ which receive any change in the internal environment of the body are called Receptor.
2. Effector
The central nervous system which send the message to a particular organ are called effector. Take part in particular action.
3. Central Nervous System
The receptor transfer message to a central nervous system such as brain.
Types of Feed Back System
There are two type of feed back system.
- Positive Feed Back System
- Negative Feed Back System
1. Positive Feed Back System
When there is a change in the internal environment and it is further
increase by the process are called positive feed back system.
2. Negative Feed Back System
When there is a change in the internal environment and it is further
decreased by the process called negative feed back system.
Osmoregulation
Definition
The regulatory mechanism which maintain the balance between water and solute context of a cell is called osmoregulation.
Osmoregulation in Plant
Due to the availability of water there are four groups of plant.
- Hydrophyte
- Halophyte
- Xerophyte
- Mesophyte
Hydrophyte
The group of plant which is grow in fresh water are called hydrophyte.
Characteristic of Hydrophyte
- The plant do not have layer of cuticle.
- The leave have stomata in the upper surface with take part in transpiration.
- The root are either absent or poorly developed.
Example
Hydrilla, Lotus, Lily plant
Halophytes
The group of plant which is grow in marshy soil or salty soil are called halophyte.
Characteristic of Halophyte
- These plant absorb water from such a soil, which is higher salt concentration and low water potential.
- Halophyte actively absorption salt into their roots.
- In the leaves of plants salt glands are present which helps in the removal of salt and water from the body.
- Some halophytes absorb humidity by leave.
Example
Glass wort, Cord grass
Mesophyte
The group of plant which is grow in well watered soil are called mesophyte.
Characteristics of Mesophyte
- Their roots are well developed.
- Their body is covered by a layer called cuticle.
- They contain stomata for evaporation of extra water.
- Some mesophyte excrete out water in the form of drop this process is called guttation.
Xerophyte
The group of plant which is grow in dry places such as desert are called Xerophyte.
Characteristic of Xerophyte
- Some plants do not face dry consition and produce seed are called ephemeral plant. During raining season seeds germinate.
- Their root are well develop which go deep into the soil to absorb water.
- Some plant have horizontal root on the surface to absorb rain water rapidly.
- Some plant leaves are modified into spine to prevent transpiration.
- Stem and leave covered by cuticle.
- Some plant store water in cell (succulent)
Example
Cacuts, Euphorbia.
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Excretion
Definition
The removal of harmful substance produce in the metabolic process from the body is called Excretion.
Excretion in Plant
In plant rate of catabolic process is very slow and waste product are
produce in less amount. They are used again in their anabolic process.
Waste Substance of Plant
The substance which are produce in excess amount are
- Water
- CO2 and O2
- Ions
Removal of Water
Extra water is removed from the body of plant by two methods.
Transpiration
The extra amount of water removed in the form of vapor through stomata is called transpiration.
Guttation
When water is removed from plant in the form of drop this process is
called Guttation. Guttation occur special opening called hydathods.
Guttation take place in those plant which grow in tropical rain forest.
Release of Oxygen and Carbondioxide
- In day time plant used CO2 for photosynthesis process and released O2.
- In night time plant released CO2 and inhale O2 gas.
Ions
Excess amount of ion are deposit into dead cell of plant body such as bark.
Thermoregulation
The maintained the temperature of the body with in a range is called thermoregulation.
Thermoregulation in Plant
The normal range of temperature in plant is 10oC to 35oC. The adaption of plant to low and high temperature are as follows.
Low Temperature
- At low temperature the nature of plasma membrane is changed
and produce crystalline structure due to which transport of solute is
slow.
- To control this condition plant cell produce unsaturated.
- At freezing point ice crystal are formed in the cell. But
the plant of cold region change the composition of solute of cell so
ice crystal are not formed in cytoplasm they form in cell wall. This
condition is known as freezing tolerance.
High Temperature
High temperature has more harmful than low temperature for plant.
- Due to high temperature all enzyme are denature and metabolic
process stop. So plant increase rate of transpiration and cool the
body.
- At above 40oC plant produce heat shock protein. They protect the enzyme from destroying.
- In some plant shiny cuticle is present which protest them from high temperature.
- In some plant leaves are reduce in size.
Osmoregulation In Animal
Osmoregulation in Terrestial Animal
In land animals excretion of water take place through body surface so
they have develop number of strategies to maintain Osmoregulation.
Water Proof External Covering Epidemics present in reptile, mammal cuticle present in insect which prevent the water loss from their body.
Storage and Excretion of Solid Wastes In birds, reptile
and insect store nitrogenous waste uric acid. Uric acid insoluble in
water and help to reabsorption of water in cloeca. Uric acid excreted
the body in the form of paste and crystal.
Use of Metabolic Water
Some mammal fat is converted into simple compound and during this
process water is produce which is reused in the body. Camel, Kangroo
used metabolic water.
Storage of Harmful Waste In mammal urea in kidney which is helps in reabsorption of water.
Osmoregulation in Aquatic Animal
Osmoregulation in fresh water animal is maintained by two methods.
1. By Contractile Vacuole
2. By producing dilute urine
1. By Contractile Vacuole
Fresh water unicellular organism have contractile vacuoles. Water with
dissolved CO2 and uric acid is collected from the endoplasm into the
contractile vacuole, which increase in size up to a maximum and burst
released the extra substance in environment. In Amoeba and Paramicium
the amount of water and other substance remain in balanced by
contractile vacuole.
2. By Producing Dilute Urine
Fresh water fishes have hypertonic body fluid as compare to surrounding
water. Fisher released extra amount of water in the form of dilute
urine and absorb some essential ion from outside to maintain the salt
and water content in the body.
Osmoregulation in Marine Animal
Marine water fishes have hypotonic body fluid than surrounding because
sea water have high concentration of salt so these fishes drink water
continuously and the salt excreted out along with concentrated urine.
They also excrete salt through gills.
Excretion in Animal
In animal removal of nitrogenous waste from the body is very
essential. Animal have particular organ to excrete out nitrogenous
waste.
Waste Substance of Animal
Animal produce different type of waste substance such as
1. Ammonia
2. Urea
3. Uric Acid
4. Creatinine
5. Hypozenthine
1. Ammonia
- It is a small molecule of gas. Its formula is NH3.
- It is highly soluble in water.
- It is very toxic compound
- It is dissolved in water and removes by simple diffusion method through skin or by urine.
- It is excretory substance of aquatic animal e.g. fishes.
2. Urea
- Urea is less soluble in water.
- Its formula is CO(NH2).
- Urea is very less toxic substance because its 1,00,000 time less toxic then NH3.
- Urea is produce as a result of metabolism in the liver from ammonia.
NH3 + CO2 ------> Citruline ------> Aginine ------> Urea
- This process required energy.
- Urea is the excretory product of mostly land animal like mammals.
3. Uric Acid
- Its formula is C5O3N4H4.
- It is not soluble in water.
- Uric Acid is less toxic than urea.
- Uric Acid released from the body in paste like substance or urete crystal.
- Urid Acid is the excretory product of insect, birds and reptile.
Excretion in Hydra
(Exetory Substance (NH3))
Hydra is a water living animal. In this body the excretory products are
produced in the form of NH3. It is excreted out the gastrovascular
cavity and then removed from the body along with water.
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Excretion in Planaria
(Exetory Organs)
In planaria nitrogenous waste excrete out through skin and special excretory organ called flame call or protonephridia.
Structure of Excretory System and Functions
In the body of planaria there is a system of branch tube like bodies.
There are two longitudinal excretory trunks one on either side of the
body.
Nephredipores
They open to the out side by small pore called nephredipores.
Flame Cell
Internally these excretory trunk divide and redivide into number of
small branches at the end of the branch special cell are present are
called flame cell. The flame cells are club-shaped hollow cells. In
their internal cavity many cilia are attached which perform movement
just like flame of candle.
Functions
All the waste product of main branches absorb by flame cell because
the movement of cilia of flame cell. When the excretory product come
into the longitudinal excretory system they are removed out of the body
through the nephrediopore.
Excretory Organs
The excretory system of earthworm consist of small, coiled tubes called Metanephredia. It is present in each segment.
Structure of Nephredium
Each Nephredium consist of three part.
1. Nephrostome
It is a rounded, ciliated funnel with the opening.
2. Bladder
Main body of nephridum consist of coiled tubular part and wide part called bladder.
3. Nephridiopore
The bladder opens outside by a small pore on the skin are called nephridiopore.
Excretion
As fluid moves along the tubule, epithelium reabsorbs the salt from
lumen and send to blood vessels surrounding the nephridium. The left
over appears as urine containing nitrogenous waste.
Excretion in Cockroach
Excretory Organs
Cockroach have special tube like excretory structure are called
"Malphighian Tubules". It is present between the mid gut and hind gut.
It is embedded in the blood.
Excretion
Malphighian tubules absorb all nitrogenous waste from blood and pour
them into illium. The latter part of tubules reabsorbs important
substance. The uric acid when come into rectum, it also reabsorbs water
and salt, so uric became almost dry then it is excreted out of the
body.
Liver
Liver is the large raddish brown glandular organ which is central
station of metabolism and consequently the body is central metabolism
clearing house.
Location
Liver located in the abdomen just below the diaphragm.
Functions of Liver
Liver is the main homeostatis organ which perform several function.
1. Metabolism of CHO and LIPIDS
- Liver is the center of metabolism. Is take part in metabolism
of carbohydrate and lipid. It regulates the amount of glucose into the
blood. Excess glucose is converted into glycogen, which is reserve
food. It amount of glucose is decrease in the blood glycogen is broken
into glucose. Glycogen is reduce than liver convert amino acid into
glucose.
- Liver also help in oxidation of lipid. It is converted blood lipid into simple fat which is stored in the body.
2. Deamination and Urea Formation
Excess of protein can not be store in body. Protein are change into
amino acid. Amine group is removed from the amino acid this process is
called deamination of form NH3. Amonia combine with CO2 and convert
into urea by a cycle called ornithine cycle.
3. Production of Bile
Liver produce a secretion called Bile. It is yellowish green alkaline
substance. Bile contain bile pigment biliverdin, bilirubin, salt such
as sodium-glycocholate, Na-taurocholate, Cholesterol, Phospholipid and
mucous.
Functions of Bile
- Bile neutralizes the acidic food
- It kills the germs
- It takes part in the emulsification of fat.
4. Detoxification
Liver convert toxic substance into non toxic substance this process are called detoxification.
For example a compound hydrogen peroxide H2O2 is a
harmful compound. The liver secrete on enzyme catalase which convert
H2O2 into H2 and O2 and became non poisonous substance.
5. Formation of Cholesterol
Liver also forms cholesterol which is necessary for the body. Its extra amount is always excreted along with water.
5. Formation of Cholesterol
Liver also forms cholesterol which is necessary for the body. Its extra amount is always excreted along with water.
6. Thermoregulation
Liver helps in regulation of body temperature by continue supply of blood and metabolic process.
7. Storage of Vitamins
Liver stores vitamins such as A1B and D.
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